فصلنامه اخلاق زیستی
پیاپی 13 (پاییز 1393)

Most of moral evaluations of bio problems are made on the basis of one of the existing moral theories or on that of a combination of the said theories as a moral approach. The evaluations presuppose a rule- or principle-based attitude towards the current disputes and also the necessity of using a moral theory as the origin or context of the rules or principles. It is generally, in both theory and practice, taken for granted that moral principles can effectively help decision makers, policy makers, bioethics committee members and research project managers. Principles of bioethics have mainly formed due to the mentioned presupposition. However, the universalistic attitude to ethics has recently been challenged in various ways. In this article, epistemological and ethical aspects of principles of bioethics have been examined from both universalistic and particularistic perspectives. It seems that, though this challenge deny the traditional interpretation of the principles which ignore the concrete process of formation of them, a moderate interpretation of ethical universalism may justify application of these principles.

One of the most popular tools for evaluating ideas in ethics is slippery slope arguments. The simple formulation of them is in the following form: 1) If we permit the action X, then this gradually results in performing action Y. 2) Action Y is morally wrong. 3) We should not permit action X (Consequence). Moral philosophers have discussed their accurate structure, various forms and their validity. One of moral philosophers in contemporary era that did search about this subject is Hugh Lafollette. He believes that central element in these arguments is in their first premise, but not specified and that is the probability of the consequence, for this reason, probability should be inserted in their consequences. Not inserting the probability in consequence of the arguments is a kind of neglecting - and we think it is a fallacy - and inserting it results in annihilating the convincing of them. In view point of him, if any argument is formally similar to slippery slope arguments, but there isnt the element of probability in it, the argument isnt slippery slope argument, but it is straightforward induction generalization or straightforward causal argument that both are valid. Considering the Lafollette's analyses, we can say when the argument consists of probability, the argument is invalid and when it consists of necessity, it is valid, but it is no longer slippery slope argument. This essay first, introduces Lafollette's views, and then indicates the weakness of them, and defends of this idea that regarding some conditions, these arguments are valid and can be used in ethical debates.

Nowadays, several philosophical solutions are provided for the solving environmental crises that don’t have particular success. We believe that are the main reasons this crises knowledge so their solution is possible with a strong intellectual grounding. One of the best solutions that is based on a philosophical content Indeed, the use of cognitive resources in the Mulla Sadra’s “The Four Journeys”. These doctrines put the new solutions front of the environmental thinkers that their using are a strong cognitive for solve the environmental crises. The purpose of this study is explaining the ideas of environmental cognitive in four Journeys and also providing philosophical solutions for the environmental crises.

Today, organizations in the context of Islamic societies has focused on the ethical and moral values because it is likely that employees adhere to the Islamic work ethic, shows enthusiasm and more energy in relation to their work. With this approach, the aim of this study was to evaluate the status of the Islamic Work Ethics and Work Engagement among employees in the University of Kurdistan and to investigate the relationship between these two variables with each other. Data collection procedure, it is a descriptive study. The population of the study includes all Kurdistan University Employees, except Company and Service employees. Samples of 116 subjects were chosen through the simple random sampling method. The data collection tools were an Islamic Work Ethics questionnaire and Work Engagement questionnaire Kanungo. According to experts, their questionnaire validity and reliability according to Cronbach's alpha coefficients were reviewed and approved. Data analyzed using Exploratory Factor Analysis, one sample t-test, Pearson correlation and Simultaneous multiple regressions. Results showed that mean of the Islamic Work Ethics was higher than the average and mean of the Work Engagement was medium. Between Islamic Work Ethics and its components was a significant relationship with Work Engagement. It was also found that components a positive attitude towards work and attention to the welfare of others have a significant role in predicting the Work Engagement. These results indicate a significant positive relationship between Islamic Work Ethics and Work Engagement of employees in the University of Kurdistan. Therefore, it is recommended to university administrators that efforts to establish ethical workspace and encourage employees to Islamic and ethical activities so that hoped to promote the Work Engagement.

Organizational justice is term that is used for describing ustice in job situations. Perception of injustice has disturbing effects on sprit of team work. Because it affects effort and motivation of employees. The purpose of this study was to survey the relationship of organizational justice and employees’ productivity in selected educational hospital at Iran University of medical sciences in 2011. This study is a co-relational-descriptive survey. Sample of research is 131 employees of selected hospital of Iran university. Two questionnaires were used for data collection. SPSS software was used for data analysis using appropriate statistical tests. Perceived organizational justice was high in hospital number one and it was least in hospital number two. Employee’s productivity was most in hospital one and it was least in hospital number 3. There was positive and significant relationship between organizational justice and their dimensions with employees productivity (p-value<0.01). Perceived organizational justice was low and employees’ productivity was more than mediocrity. Thus managers should plan and act for improving perceived organizational justice and employees’ productivity.

Hemodialysis as a treatment for patients with chronic renal failure is stressful process that can threaten patient's sense of dignity. Thisresearch was Performedwiththeaim of Influence dignity therapy modelon sense ofdignityhemodialysis patientswas conducted. this clinical trial research was carried out on 42 hemodialysis patient in hemodialysis departmentof Jiroft Imam Khomeini Hospital in 1391. Patients wererandomly divided into two experimental groups and the control group, were obtained after informed consent forms, demographic characteristics (age, sex, occupation, education, marital status, duration of illness, history of mental illness) and human dignity questionnaire was completed. Forexperimental groupsdignity therapy modelwas performed at 3 days (one day, three days, one week), daily for 60 to 30 minutes at the bedside of his condition. Again after compeletion of the treatment questionnaire were completed for experimental groups andduring the same period for the control group. Then data were analyzed using spss19 statistical software. Data analysis showed,in thepost-testin experimental group, the mean of senseofdignity was(37/19 ± 12/72). There was no significantdifference in our research between the average of sense of dignity in the experimental and control groups in pre-test (p0.05)and both groups were almostidenticalBeforeperforming the model but there was a meaningful difference between the average of sense of dignity in the experimental and control groups (p0.05).Between age, sex,occupation, education, marital status, duration of illness with patientssense of dignity, afterperforming the model in the experimental groups,there is no significant difference. the dignity therapy modelis effect in increases sense of dignity of hemodialysis patients. It is recommend to be thought of measures to implement the model for patient.

Organizational justice, due to its significant impacts on the personnel’ attitudes and their behaviors, has a specific importance.Also, social support is known as an important factor in workplace that effect on productivity of human resources. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between organizational justices with social support among hospital personnel. In this descriptive and correlation study, the samples consisted of 264 personnel that were working in a governmental hospital in Ahvaz. Samples were selected through census sampling. Data were gathered by personal data questionnaire, Niehoff and Moorman organizational justice questionnaire and social support questionnaire (made byIranian researchers). Data were analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistics.Results showed that social support among hospital personnel were 65.9 %(moderate), 19.4% (low) and 14.7 %(high). Dimensions of organizational justice including distributive (P=0.001, R=0.075) and interactional justice (P=0.003, R=0.082) had a significant relationship with social support.Since organizational justice has a significant relationship with social support, hospital managers should pay attention to organizational justice concept which leads to enhanced social support of personnel.

Communication styles have different forms regarding the situation and nursing students comprehend these styles in different forms by facing different people and being in different situations. Regarding the importance of nursing student’s perception of communication styles, a research has been done using qualitative method and content analysis approach in jieroft medical university.35 deep interviews and an interview with 5 students using focused group method has been done. Four major categories were specified: 1- guiding-motivating communication style 2- supporting-supervising communication style 3- supporting-participating communication style 4- caregiving-educational communication style.Communication styles explain student's interactions with other people in clinical environment. It's necessary for authorities, educational programmers and instructors to know these communication styles so that they can comprehend the clinical environment and especially the psychological-social circumstances of environmental interactions in a better way.

Considering the ethical issues are also very necessary in human and in vitro studies. With the advances in genetic research and the application of its results in the diagnosis and treatment of the diseases, many questions have been proposed about the ethical aspects of these methods. Geneexpressionprofilewithinacellcanprovidekeyinsightsintocellularphysiology.The huge datasets created with this technology are providing valuable information that can be used to accurately diagnose, prevent, or cure a wide range of genetic and infectious diseases. Gene expression technologies have a responsibility to consider ethical issues. In this review article, we will highlight the key ethical considerations and discuss how these extremely powerful technologies may influence society.